General English - Cloze Test
Exam Duration: 45 Mins Total Questions : 30
Vaccination is a term coined by Edward Jenner for the process of administering live, albeit weakened, microbes to patients, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. Vaccination (Latin: vacca -cow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting cows: the cowpox virus, a relatively benign virus that, in its weakened form, provides a degree of immunity to smallpox, a contagious and deadly disease. In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally have the same colloquial meaning.
Vaccination efforts were initially met with some resistance before early success brought widespread acceptance and mass vaccination campaigns were undertaken. The eradication of smallpox is considered the most spectacular success of vaccination. The last natural case of smallpox was discovered on October 26, 1977 in Somali(a) This date is considered the anniversary of the eradication of smallpox.
Modern-day critics of vaccination are concerned that childhood vaccination plays a role in autoimmune disease and autism, though large-scale scientific studies have failed to find a link.
In the generic sense, the process of triggering immune response, in an effort to protect against infectious disease, the works by 'priming' the immune system with an 'immunogen'. Stimulating immune response, via use of an infectious agent, is known as immunization. Vaccinations _______ the administration of one or more immunogens, in the form of live, but weakened (attenuated) infectious agents, which normally are either weaker, but closely-related species (as with smallpox and cowpox), or strains weakened by some process. In such cases, an immunogen is called a vaccine.
Some modern vaccines are administered after the patient already has contracted a disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines.Vaccinia given after exposure to smallpox, within the first four days, is reported to eradicate the disease considerably, as vaccination within the first week is thought to be beneficial to a degree. The essential theory behind such immunizations is that the vaccine triggers superior immune response than the natural infection itself.
- (a)
produce
- (b)
involve
- (c)
need
- (d)
acquaint
Recent discoveries _____ that Indians of early days appear to have been highly civilized in many ways. They had massive public buildings and comfortable dwelling houses built mostly of brick. They had made arrangements for good sanitation, and an elaborate drainage system. They knew how to write but their language, which has not yet been deciphered was not alphabetic but syllabic like the Sumerian language.
- (a)
shown
- (b)
derived
- (c)
investigated
- (d)
seen
- (e)
reflected
Recent discoveries shown that Indians of early days appear to have been highly civilized in many ways. They had massive public buildings and comfortable dwelling houses _____ mostly of brick. They had made arrangements for good sanitation, and an elaborate drainage system. They knew how to write but their language, which has not yet been deciphered was not alphabetic but syllabic like the Sumerian language.
- (a)
designed
- (b)
formulated
- (c)
built
- (d)
construct
- (e)
building
From that moment his life became intolerable. He passed his days in apprehension of each succeeding night; every and night the vision came back again. As soon as he had locked himself up in his room he strove to struggle; but in vain. An irresistible force lifted him up and pushed him towards the glass as if to call the phantom, and before long he saw it lying in the spot where the crime was committed lying with arms and legs outspread the way of body had been found. Then the dead girl _____ and came toward him with the little steps just as the child had done when she came out of river.
- (a)
stood up
- (b)
raised up
- (c)
rose up
- (d)
stanfd up
- (e)
none of these
The last decade has been outstanding for management education and development. When the economies of most western countries were ______ in early 1980s there were marginal cuts in both in corporate training and in higher education. During the boom years of mid 1980s , there was some reactivity in both areas. In early 1990s industrialised countries were in the grip of another service recession and a light retrenchment was to be reasonably expected throughout the training world. But this is not the case so far. Many leading companies are asserting their belief in training as the key to future competitiveness and governments have established an era of rapid expansion.
- (a)
galvanised
- (b)
privatised
- (c)
dominant
- (d)
faltering
- (e)
developing
The last decade has been outstanding for management education and development. When the economies of most western countries were faltering in early 1980s there were marginal cuts in both in corporate training and in higher education. During the boom years of mid 1980s , there was some reactivity in both areas. In early 1990s industrialised countries were in the _____ of another service recession and a light retrenchment was to be reasonably expected throughout the training world. But this is not the case so far. Many leading companies are asserting their belief in training as the key to future competitiveness and governments have established an era of rapid expansion.
- (a)
area
- (b)
mood
- (c)
grip
- (d)
light
- (e)
context
The last decade has been outstanding for management education and development. When the economies of most western countries were faltering in early 1980s there were marginal cuts in both in corporate training and in higher education. During the boom years of mid 1980s , there was some reactivity in both areas. In early 1990s industrialised countries were in the grip of another service recession and a light retrenchment was to be reasonably expected throughout the training world. But this is not the case so far. Many leading companies are asserting their belief in training as the key to future competitiveness and governments have ______ an era of rapid expansion.
- (a)
encouraged
- (b)
established
- (c)
preached
- (d)
circulated
- (e)
directed
The last decade has been outstanding for management education and development. When the economies of most western countries were faltering in early 1980s there were marginal cuts in both in corporate training and in higher education. During the boom years of mid 1980s , there was some reactivity in both areas. In early 1990s industrialised countries were in the grip of another service recession and a light retrenchment was to be reasonably expected throughout the training world. But this is not the case so far. Many leading companies are asserting their belief in training as the key to future competitiveness and governments have established an era of rapid ________.
- (a)
degradation
- (b)
communication
- (c)
expansion
- (d)
projection
- (e)
exhibition
An old scholar heard that Truth was in country. He decided to find her, as he had devoted his life to studying her in all her forms. He came upon the cottage in the mountain where Truth lived. He knocked on the door. Truth asked what he wanted The scholar exhorted who she was. He added that he had wondered a thousand times _____ She really was like.
- (a)
which
- (b)
what
- (c)
whom
- (d)
whose
- (e)
none of these
An old scholar heard that Truth was in country. He decided to find her, as he had devoted his life to studying her in all her forms. He came upon the cottage in the mountain where Truth lived. He knocked on the door. Truth asked what he wanted The scholar exhorted who she was. He added that he had wondered a thousand times what She really was _____.
- (a)
like
- (b)
lake
- (c)
lick
- (d)
lack
- (e)
none of these
Four cases of burglary have been _____ with the arrest of one notorious criminal. The police have recovered gold and silver jewellery from him. The police increased their public contacts with the residents of the area after following a spate of burglaries. They held corner meetings to educate the residents on steps to crime prevention. They were required to inform their neighbours if they had to leave their houses unattended Consequently, some residents of the locality observed one stranger leaving an empty house. He was apprehended and a case was registered.
- (a)
connected
- (b)
adjusted
- (c)
solved
- (d)
deferred
- (e)
dealt
Four cases of burglary have been solved with the arrest of one notorious criminal. The police have recovered gold and silver jewellery from him. The police increased their public contacts with the residents of the area after following a spate of burglaries. They held corner meetings to ______ the residents on steps to crime prevention. They were required to inform their neighbours if they had to leave their houses unattended Consequently, some residents of the locality observed one stranger leaving an empty house. He was apprehended and a case was registered.
- (a)
harass
- (b)
arrest
- (c)
probe
- (d)
threaten
- (e)
educate
Four cases of burglary have been solved with the arrest of one notorious criminal. The police have recovered gold and silver jewellery from him. The police increased their public contacts with the residents of the area after following a spate of burglaries. They held corner meetings to educate the residents on steps to ______ prevention. They were required to inform their neighbours if they had to leave their houses unattended Consequently, some residents of the locality observed one stranger leaving an empty house. He was apprehended and a case was registered.
- (a)
loss
- (b)
crime
- (c)
its
- (d)
burglar
- (e)
their
_____ can be injected into human blood for treating diphtheria, pneumonia and severe wounds. After surgical operations, penicillin is given to patients to prevent the bacterial information from spreading. After this discovery several antibiotics were discovered. Today, these antibiotics are saving the lives of lakhs of people all over the world.
- (a)
Antibiotics
- (b)
Penicillin
- (c)
Streptomycin
- (d)
Teramycin
- (e)
Medicine
Penicillin can be injected into human blood for treating diphtheria, pneumonia and severe wounds. After surgical operations, penicillin is given to patients to _____ the bacterial information from spreading. After this discovery several antibiotics were discovered. Today, these antibiotics are saving the lives of lakhs of people all over the world.
- (a)
study
- (b)
prevent
- (c)
dismiss
- (d)
spread
- (e)
remove
Penicillin can be injected into human blood for treating diphtheria, pneumonia and severe wounds. After surgical operations, penicillin is given to patients to prevent the bacterial information from spreading. After this _______ several antibiotics were discovered. Today, these antibiotics are saving the lives of lakhs of people all over the world.
- (a)
treatment
- (b)
patient
- (c)
cause
- (d)
discovery
- (e)
operation
Desire and action are often coordinated in that the desire may ______ the person to action or that desire may be inferred from action. If P is seen as trying to do X, it is often inferred that P desires X. However, desire and action are not invariably coordinated. The person may desire X without engaging in any action directed towards the attainment of X. This even happens when X appears approachable or when the other effects resulting from the action necessary to attain X are sufficiently undesirable as to negate the desire for X. Sometimes, Of course, no action is necessary; the desire may or may not be realised quite independently of P's action. Furthermore, a given desire may lead to different actions, depending upon the environmental requirements. Actions are determined not only by desire but also by the way the person develops the casual structure of the environment.
- (a)
dampen
- (b)
hinder
- (c)
indulge
- (d)
arouse
- (e)
prohibit
Desire and action are often coordinated in that the desire may arouse the person to action or that desire may be inferred from action. If P is seen as trying to do X, it is often inferred that P desires X. However, desire and action are not invariably coordinated. The person may desire X without engaging in any action directed towards the attainment of X. This even happens when X appears approachable or when the other effects resulting from the action necessary to attain X are sufficiently undesirable as to negate the desire for X. Sometimes, Of course, no action is necessary; the desire may or may not be realised quite independently of P's action. Furthermore, a given desire may lead to different actions, depending upon the environmental requirements. Actions are determined not only by desire but also by the way the person ____ the causal structure of the environment.
- (a)
downgrades
- (b)
fabricates
- (c)
develops
- (d)
sees
- (e)
enlarges
In the large shops, preparations for Diwali are begun five or six weeks before the actual day. Shop owners like Diwali because lots of _____ are given, which means more goods are bought than at any other time of the year. The main shops are decorated many weeks before Diwali to tempt people to buy things.
- (a)
purchases
- (b)
prizes
- (c)
presents
- (d)
presentation
- (e)
none of these
Each year Middle-class Indian children spend hundreds of crores of rupees in pocket money and put a heavy burden parental incomes like adults, these kids have problems connected with budgeting and saving money. Unfortunately, basic money ______ is rarely taught in schools. At home, very few parents discuss money matters with their children. Kids who learn about money timely have been found to be way ahead of their peers. Indeed, learning to deal with money properly fosters discipline, good work habits and self-respect.
- (a)
availability
- (b)
inflation
- (c)
economics
- (d)
problem
- (e)
management
Architecture is unique blend of art and science that has arisen out of man's primary need for shelter. It is concerned with the design and construction of buildings in their sociological, technological and environmental context. This field is not only vast but also provides the infrastructure of designing and building pleasing aesthetically refined structures to serve various needs. _____ the fairly large number of practicing architects, the countrywide spurt in building activity offers scope for more. And though the initial earnings in the field are relatively modest what you make thereafter will depend entirely on your experience.
- (a)
Considering
- (b)
Having
- (c)
Assuming
- (d)
Regarding
- (e)
Despite
Architecture is unique blend of art and science that has arisen out of man's primary need for shelter. It is concerned with the design and construction of buildings in their sociological, technological and environmental context. This field is not only vast but also provides the infrastructure of designing and building pleasing aesthetically refined structures to serve various needs. Despite the fairly large number of practicing architects, the countrywide spurt in building activity offers scope for more. And though the initial earnings in the field are relatively _____ what you make thereafter will depend entirely on your experience.
- (a)
escalating
- (b)
modest
- (c)
unpredictable
- (d)
negligible
- (e)
exorbitant
Many parents greet their children's teenage years with needless dread. While teens may assault us with heavy metal music _____ outlandish clothes and spend all their time with friends, such behaviour always adds up to full-scale revolt teenage rebellion according to psychologist Laurence.Steinberg has been hardly exaggerated. Sociologist Sanford Dornbusch agrees. "The idea teenagers inevitably rebel is a reality that has the potential for great family ruin," says Dornbusch. He believes the notion can suffocate communication during this critical time for parents to influence youngsters.
- (a)
put
- (b)
show
- (c)
dress
- (d)
flaunt
- (e)
none of these
Many parents greet their children's teenage years with needless dread. While teens may assault us with heavy metal music flaunt outlandish clothes and spend all ____ time with friends, such behaviour always adds up to full scale revolt teenage rebellion according to psychologist Laurence.Steinberg has been hardly exaggerated. Sociologist Sanford Dornbusch agrees. "The idea teenagers inevitably rebel is a reality that has the potential for great family ruin," says Dornbusch. He believes the notion can suffocate communication during this critical time for parents to influence youngsters.
- (a)
our
- (b)
their
- (c)
his
- (d)
her
- (e)
none of these
Many parents greet their children's teenage years with needless dread. While teens may assault us with heavy metal music flaunt outlandish clothes and spend all their time with friends, such behaviour always adds up to full scale revolt teenage _____ according to psychologist Laurence.Steinberg has been hardly exaggerated. Sociologist Sanford Dornbusch agrees. "The idea teenagers inevitably rebel is a reality that has the potential for great family ruin," says Dornbusch. He believes the notion can suffocate communication during this critical time for parents to influence youngsters.
- (a)
revolution
- (b)
mania
- (c)
subversion
- (d)
rebellion
- (e)
none of these
Many parents greet their children's teenage years with needless dread. While teens may assault us with heavy metal music flaunt outlandish clothes and spend all their time with friends, such behaviour always adds up to full scale revolt teenage rebellion according to psychologist Laurence.Steinberg has been _____ exaggerated. Sociologist Sanford Dornbusch agrees. "The idea teenagers inevitably rebel is a reality that has the potential for great family ruin," says Dornbusch. He believes the notion can suffocate communication during this critical time for parents to influence youngsters.
- (a)
greatly
- (b)
hardly
- (c)
never
- (d)
always
- (e)
none of these
Students of cognitive development have shown that the child's _____ to use generalized concepts develops more slowly in history than in any other schools subjects. This slower development of reasoning in historical contexts makes it necessary for the historian to focus upon events that may be included in the text. In many cases, the historian may need to provide with special effort a generalized understanding of key concepts to be used in a text. This necessity may well mean that school history cannot cover as many events as it does at present. Also, school histories may have to provide for topic work or theme based analysis rather than merely observe chronological conformity.
- (a)
power
- (b)
intellect
- (c)
preparedness
- (d)
ability
- (e)
alertness
Faced with an _______ number and variety of products on the market managers are finding it more difficult to predict demand and plan production orders accordingly. As a result inaccurate forecasts are interesting and along with them, the costs of those errors. Many managers today believing speed is the answer have turned to one or another popular production scheduling system. But these tools tackle only part of the problem what's really needed is a way to improve forecasts and simultaneously redesign planning process to minimise the impact of popular forecasts.
- (a)
exact
- (b)
equal
- (c)
optimum
- (d)
eccentric
- (e)
unprecedented
Faced with an unprecedented number and variety of products on the market managers are finding it more difficult to predict demand and plan production orders accordingly. As a result inaccurate forecasts are interesting and along with them, the costs of those errors. Many managers today believing speed is the ______ have turned to one or another popular production scheduling system. But these tools tackle only part of the problem what's really needed is a way to improve forecasts and simultaneously redesign planning process to minimise the impact of popular forecasts.
- (a)
problem
- (b)
answer
- (c)
source
- (d)
outcome
- (e)
lacuna
Faced with an unprecedented number and variety of products on the market managers are finding it more difficult to predict demand and plan production orders accordingly. As a result inaccurate forecasts are interesting and along with them, the costs of those errors. Many managers today believing speed is the answer have turned to one or another popular production scheduling system. But these tools tackle only part of the problem ____ really needed is a way to improve forecasts and simultaneously redesign planning process to minimise the impact of popular forecasts.
- (a)
what's
- (b)
that's
- (c)
one
- (d)
Managers
- (e)
Companies
